Policy Blog
August 31, 2010
Member Profile: Sheri Hansen
Sheri Hansen is a Senior Account Executive at Padilla Speer Beardsley Public Relations. She has been a member of the Citizens League for ten years and most recently has been active in the Energy Policy Study Group.
Why she joined:
"I joined the Citizens League because it creates a forum for meaningful dialogue on policy, not just politics. Minnesota needs a place where experts can come together to talk about the most challenging public policy problems and build sound policy solutions separately from the legislative process, and the League provides just that. The informed perspectives of League leadership and invited speakers as well as the compelling dialogues I have participated in through League programming have provoked new thoughts, stirred new ideas and energized me."
How she practices civic engagement:
"As anyone at Padilla will tell you, I am the "get out the vote" company reminder. For each election, I send out an email with links to help individuals find their polling place, and I try my best to answer questions about eligibility and registration. It's a personal goal of mine to have everyone I know wearing an "I voted" sticker on Election Day, even if they don't vote the same way I do! I also serve on Padilla's green team, which is working with our building on LEED certification and with our company about ways to reduce waste and operate in a more sustainable way."
Why she recommends membership:
"It is a great opportunity to learn about the drivers and shapers of public policy change, and to meet people who are leading the charge to make our state a great place to live."
Posted by adam at 2:10 PM | Comments (0)
August 20, 2010
Valuing clean water with a new approach to reducing pollution
In a recent post, I talked about how, in order to really fight water pollution, we need to go to the source. (Read: all of us.) The question Minnesota should be trying to answer is:
How do we set up environments where individuals, businesses, farms, and other organizations work together with government for clean water, because they meet their own needs in the process?
Tim Gieseke, a farmer, former conservation district staff, and the founder of Ag Resource Strategies, has proposed one answer.
Tim argues that, instead of focusing on reducing pollution, we should focus on clean water and put a value on good outcomes. "A clean water approach," he says, "considers all the management of the land, not just the management associated with the government nonpoint source programs."
Tim has developed an index that assesses a farm's impact on a variety of factors and gives them an overall "water quality score." This score opens up a way for the many people and entities working on a farm to communicate and helps them coordinate their efforts towards the goal of clean water.
We can set up conditions in which it's in everybody's interest to increase the score. For example:
- A business purchasing farms' products can require these suppliers to meet a certain minimum score in order to be recognized as a "sustainable" business.
- Conservation districts, with cost-share and other funding available for farmers who volunteer to implement certain "best management practices," can get a better idea of how to most effectively target these limited funds. Rather than distributing funding somewhat randomly to whomever volunteers, they can compile the assessments of multiple operations within their district to understand where funds will have the greatest impact to raise water quality scores, and hence to increase water quality.
- The Pollution Control Agency, responsible for eliminating a list of water quality "impairments" (2,575 across the state and growing), can compile assessments on a watershed-by-watershed basis to better understand what needs to be done to reduce these pollutants.
- These assessments arm farmers with a lot of information. Farmers make the decision to have their operation assessed, and they own the data generated as a result. Assessments can leave them with a greater understanding of the impact (both good and bad) of their practices and increased options to work with private and government partners.
These assessments and water quality scores are being piloted now through the Department of Agriculture's Livestock Environmental Quality Assurance program, and they are proving to be useful tools for the people managing individual farm operations.
The next step is to demonstrate that Minnesota can get a lot more out of this tool by seeing it in a broader context, as a tool to build the new kind of governance that puts all us polluters in the center of coming up with solutions.
The Citizens League is working with Tim to further test and demonstrate this model, and to identify practical or policy changes that may be necessary to make it a success.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 9:42 AM | Comments (2)
August 12, 2010
Scott County Parks and Trails? How should they be developed?
Today's blog comes from our regular contractor Erin Sapp.
The Citizens League is working with Scott County to help create a vision and set priorities for how to develop county parks and trails. With three parks -- Cedar Lake Farm, Doyle-Kennefick and Blakely Bluffs -- and proposed trails ready to undergo development, Scott County wants to hear from its residents about what sort of system they want. Should parks be full-featured and top-of-the-line, or take a more budget-conscious approach? How should limited resources be spent over the next few years? What steps are residents willing to take to close funding gaps? Through an interactive workshop, the Citizens League and Scott County will facilitate a conversation about these and other key questions.
This work builds upon our work from the Minnesota Anniversary Project, based on the principles that every person is a policy maker, and that people are looking for meaningful opportunities to contribute to policy making and the common good. Our approach puts citizens int he role of co-producers, drawing on their unique expertise, insights and perspectives. We've found that this approach helps reach better outcomes while fostering stronger relationships between citizens and formal "decision makers."
Our work with Scott County is very similar to our work with the Department of Natural Resources on the Parks and Trails Legacy Project. While that project is still in progress, the DNR is impressed with how much we've learned so far, and consequently we are currently expanding our plan for how to continue working with the public during the autumn and winter.
Residents of Scott County are welcome to join us at our upcoming public workshops. All workshops will be held from 6-9 p.m.:
Wednesday, August 18thCedar Lake Farm Regional Park
400 West 260th Street (County Road 2)
New Prague (Helena Township)
Thursday, August 19th
St. Catherine of Spring Lake Church
4500 220th St. East (County Road 8)
Prior Lake (Spring Lake Township)
Wednesday, August 25th
Oak Crest Elementary School
1101 West Commerce Drive
Belle Plaine
Thursday, August 26th
Church of St. Mary of the Purification
15850 Marystown Road (Country Road 15)
Shakopee (Louisville Township)
If you have any questions or comments, please post them here or contact Erin at erin[at]citizensleague.org.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 1:17 PM | Comments (0)
August 5, 2010
Fellowships available with NAVIGATE
NAVIGATE, a leadership development program for young adults facing economic, social, legal and academic barriers to higher education (for which the Citizens League serves as fiscal agent) is accepting applications for fall fellowships and scholarships.
Fellows will work 10 hours a week on a specific project for 10 weeks (or the equivalent 100 hours). They will help NAVIGATE through public presentations, fundraising, and/or recruitment of young adults.
Applications are being accepted through August 16th. Download the application here. If you have any questions, contact Juventino Meza (executive director, juve[at]navigatemn.org).
The Citizens League supports NAVIGATE to advance the recommendations of our recent report to reduce barriers for Minnesota's immigrant students to higher education.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 1:59 PM | Comments (1)
Help build the MN Journal library
Do you have a little free time this summer? Want to donate it to the Citizens League?
As you may have noticed, the Citizens League is following our new searchable electronic library of policy reports with a similar library for the Minnesota Journal. Slowly but surely, we're working all the way back to the first issue in 1952.
With your help, we can complete this library -- volunteer to help us scan and format past issues.
To volunteer or find out more, contact Annie Levenson-Falk at alevensonfalk[at]citizensleague.org or 651-293-0575 x16.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 12:19 PM | Comments (0)
July 29, 2010
Member Profile: Brian Bell
Brian Bell has been a member of the Citizens League for four years. Originally a staff member, he now serves on the Board of Directors. He works as Civic Education Manager for the Minnesota State Bar Association.
Why he joined:
"What drew me to the Citizens League was its balanced approach to policy work. I did not, and in many respects still do not, fit into any one political ideology. After moving back to Minnesota [from college]...I was still highly interested in public policy but wanted to be involved in an organization that was truly bi-partisan. The Citizens League was that organization."
How he practices civic engagement:
"I helped to develop and now co-facilitate the Citizens League's 10-week Quantum Civics civic leadership program...where we help students learn how to apply democratic values of active citizenship and stakeholder engagement into their places of work or community."
Why he recommends membership:
"I would recommend membership to other highly; in fact I frequently give gift memberships to friends and colleagues. Most importantly, I do so because I think the Citizens League and its members are fun...[and it] gives me an opportunity to hear a variety of perspectives on an issue and often highlights issues (e.g. long-term care) that are not championed by one of the two major political parties but are nevertheless important and interesting to me."
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 4:34 PM | Comments (0)
July 21, 2010
Students Wanted: Students Speak Out Web Design Challenge
Today's blog post comes from Lindsey Alexander, who works on our Students Speak Out project.
We're looking for student opinions! We need your help to spread the word to young people about an opportunity to advise the Citizens League on what might motivate teens to get involved with public policy issues that matter to them -- we'll even throw in pizza and a $50 Best Buy gift card for participants!
Many of you have likely heard of the success of the Citizens League's Students Speak Out project. Students Speak Out creates opportunities for students to participate authentically and constructively in policy conversations. The face of the project is a social networking site (think Facebook, MySpace, Ning, etc.), but behind the site is a set of processes and tools that create empowering opportunities for young people to work on policy issues that matter to them. With funding from Best Buy, Students Speak Out is hosting two Design Challenges, one in Orange County, California (on August 10th) and one in Minnesota (the third week of August), with the goal of learning more about what could motivate teens to get involved with policy issues through a website like www.studentsspeakout.org or www.citizing.org.
We need your help to spread the word to students! As part of the Design Challenge, we're looking for students between the ages of 13-18 who are interested in advising the Citizens League and who have an opinion on what might motivate young people to get involved with public policy issues. Students will work in teams to provide feedback on existing websites and design the basics of an ideal civic engagement website focused on teens. Five to seven students will be selected to participate. Participants will receive a $50 gift card to Best Buy.
Anyone interested in participating should contact Lindsey Alexander at 651-329-1328 or lindsey[at]lindseyalexanderconsulting.com.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 12:04 PM | Comments (0)
July 16, 2010
Aligning self and public interest for clean water
During our study on water governance last year, I found a gem of a quote from a Citizens League report back in 1993:
State lawmakers should embrace the view that the purpose of government is to design environments where individual citizens and institutions are systematically oriented to accomplish public purposes, and where they meet their own interests in the course of doing so.
This is exactly what we need to do to address problems like water pollution.
The biggest water quality problems we're dealing with today are not the major industrial polluters of the past; they're caused by pollution from the activities of the millions of individuals, businesses, and communities on the land across the state. Reducing pollution is going to require the public (i.e., us) to acknowledge that we're the source of the problem and to take a central role in the solutions.
This morning, I heard a presentation from Larry Gunderson of the Pollution Control Agency about total suspended solids in the Minnesota River. He presented some really interesting research on the sources of this pollution and modeling the PCA has done suggesting what needs to be done to reduce the pollutant and meet our water quality goals. The PCA knows what needs to be done to clean up the Minnesota River.
Science and engineering have told us a lot about what we can do to improve our waters. They question for the rest of us is not so much what can we do, but how are we going to do it?
Most of our water pollution comes from our activities on the land. And most of the land is in private ownership. So the people who own and care for the land are the ones who need to make the changes.
The key water policy question, not asked frequently enough, is:
How does Minnesota set up the environments in which individuals, businesses, farms, and other organizations all work together with government toward the goal of clean water, because they meet their own interest in the process of doing so?
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 1:14 PM | Comments (0)
July 15, 2010
Citizens League's Oral History Project
This past week has been the start of an ongoing process of collecting an oral history for the Citizens League. Initiated as part of the celebration of the League's upcoming 60th anniversary, I have been conducting video interviews to capture perspectives on our organization dating as far back as possible.
It is my hope that these interviews can serve an important function of learning from inter-generational experiences, whether to improve our work or to simply connect and develop our shared goals and attitudes.
In my personal narrative, this has experience has already been exceptionally beneficial. Last year, I could easily say I knew nothing about the Citizens League (other than hearing their name when Policy and a Pint® was advertised). When I explored the mission of the organization after being recommended for an internship opportunity, I couldn't believe I had found what I had been searching for--an informed and nonpartisan collection of individuals working for constructive solutions to policy. Since working here as an intern since February, I have been soaking up anything and everything that I can about the League.
It has been truly informative as a new member to the League to get that chance to hear such a fascinating historical perspective, about how it has changed and what core principles have been permanent features that are important to our methodology and impact. I hope that through these interviews, more members both young and old can reflect on the same ideas that I have had the chance to hear and really dwell on the importance of our organization.
Be on the look out for products of these interviews, either here on this blog, through Twitter and Facebook pages, this fall's annual meeting, or in a short couple years for our 60th anniversary celebration.
Do you have any suggestions of who we should interview? Would you like to share your experience with the Citizens League and contribute to our oral history records? Contact Adam at aarling[at]citizensleague.org for further details.
Posted by adam at 2:50 PM | Comments (1)
June 24, 2010
Member Profile: Kathryn Roberts
Kathryn Roberts is CEO and President of Ecumen. She has been a Citizens League member for four years. She is a former board member and former chair of the development committee.
Kathryn says:
Why she joined: "I have always been interested in public policy and civic engagement. The League offers insight and practice in both areas, so it was perfect for me."
How she practices civic engagement: "Civic engagement is an important activity at Ecumen. As policies and issues emerge that affect the aging, we invite and encourage our staff, residents and residents' families to have their voices heard with vigor. Our corporate and individual efforts have definitely influenced policy makers in a positive way. Ecumen will continue to grow our own internal 'grassroots' civic engagement efforts."
Why she would recommend Citizens League membership to others: "The League offers an opportunity to meet people with diverse views around complex issues. It also offers the tools to have productive and meaningful conversations that lead to deeper understanding and, hopefully, a stronger appetite to be engaged in civic issues."
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 3:14 PM | Comments (0)
June 23, 2010
Will Our Children Renew the Legacy Amendment in 25 Years?
Today's blog comes from policy intern Maddy Dragich, who has been helping to organize the parks and trails legacy workshops.
I have recently had the opportunity to travel to many of the various counties around Minnesota helping to facilitate and participate in the Parks and Trails Legacy Workshops. The purpose of these workshops is to get citizen input and ideas into how the parks and trails Legacy funds should be allocated, as well as how to encourage more citizens to use the parks and trails. I have been incredibly impressed by the innovative allocation ideas and passions for our parks and trails system shared by the workshop participants.
The workshop consists of a short briefing on the background of the Legacy Amendment, a description of the legislative charge given to the DNR and the Citizens League to obtain citizen input and feedback, and a series of guided questions to which participants are asked to discuss and respond. The tone for giving such input and feedback is well set when participants watch a video clip where Don Shelby states, "In a recent study, 98% of children said that their favorite place to play is indoors because that is where all the electrical outlets are found." I have now heard this quote at least 8 times and every single time I hear it, I continue to ask myself, "How can this be true?" This is a shared reaction among workshop participants. Many participants have stated, "When I was young, I was sent right back outside by my parents if I tried to come inside to play on a nice day." Unfortunately, it appears as though a great number of things have changed in our society today that give children the desire to play indoors, a phenomenon which is incomprehensible to so many who enjoy the outdoors.
During the workshop, participants are asked, "What do you think the main goal for the parks and trails system should be over the next 25 years?" On average, one quarter of all participants believe the main goal should be to develop the next generation of stewards. This is in fact what many participants believe to be the definition of legacy. They want to further create and protect natural spaces as well as a parks and trails system for their children and grandchildren to use and enjoy.
It is no secret that we are fortunate in Minnesota to have a current population of citizens who value and appreciate nature and the outdoors. In 2008 voters gave themselves, as well as the entire state of Minnesota, a gift through the passing of the Legacy Amendment which seeks to protect, preserve, and enhance Minnesota's natural resources and outdoor activities throughout the next 25 years. In response to this, one participant said, "Great. But what I want to know is will our children and grandchildren vote to renew this Legacy Act in 25 years?" This is, in my opinion, the goal of both these workshops as well as the Legacy Amendment. We must find a way to create natural protected spaces and a system of parks and trails that future generation will want to continue to protect and enjoy.
If you wish to find out more information about the results from the Parks and Trails Legacy Workshops or the dates of upcoming workshops, please visit our project website at CitiZing. This is a website that allows you to interact, brainstorm, and blog along with other citizens interested in our parks and trails system and the allocation of Legacy funds.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 9:00 AM | Comments (0)
June 21, 2010
Policy and a Pint recap: Cities, bikes and the future of getting around
Today's blog comes from policy and communications intern Adam Arling.
Last night's Policy and a Pint® marked the end of a one-week kickoff for Minneapolis' new bike share program, Nice Ride.
Regarded as the most bike-friendly city in America, Minneapolis outranks several other cities in promoting sustainable transportation. Not only do we provide an excellent infrastructure for bicycling as demonstrated by the Midtown Greenway, Metro Transit buses equipped with bike racks, and over 100 miles of bike lanes and trails, but we also pride ourselves as being the second-ranked city nationwide for number of bike commuters to work (yes, even despite having long, cold winters!). Last night was an excellent forum to showcase efforts for improved city design as a basis for effective transit structures.
The panel included musician and bike advocate David Byrne, America's (and our very own) fittest mayor R.T. Rybak, urban theorist Jay Walljasper, and bike advocate Steve Clark. Between these speakers, the discussion of bicycling and sustainable transportation transcended the idea of simply "going green," and instead became a conversation about how "getting around" influences our way of life. Highlighted through his Bicycle Diaries photo stream, David Byrne demonstrated the imperfections of urban and suburban planning since the domination of the automobile, while showing the potential for socially engaged citizens through revitalized cities.
What's cool about biking is not its environmental or energy saving impact, nor its being an excellent form of exercise. In fact, upon conversations with someone who has never ridden a bicycle before, most people would be sympathetic and feel that one is missing out on a truly remarkable life experience. In essence, learning to ride a bike conceptualizes building self-capacity for a personal journey -- almost literally.
Apart from the personal benefits, one of the strongest arguments for supporting biking and redesign is the substantial evidence that links street environments and increased social interaction with engaged citizens and more livable communities. That is to say, converting "dead zones" of the concrete jungle to more attractive locales, bustling with people, will yield both positive economic and social outcomes.
But the most important immediate goal is to make the biking culture inclusive, articulated many on the panel. It's important to reveal the attractiveness of biking and to normalize the activity. This will allow more people to take initiative and remove the barrier of spandex.
While biking may not always be logical (though many winter riders would disagree), policy becomes important for the redesign of our cities to support such endeavors. We are already well on our way to leveling the playing field for alternative forms of transportation with cars. Jus lat week, Nice Ride installed over 700 bikes in 65 Minneapolis locations aimed at getting people to use fuel-free transportation throughout the day. Furthermore, the 2010 construction season will create 40 miles of new bikeways in addition to the 123 miles already in place in Minneapolis.
Want to get involved in shaping transportation policy in Minnesota? Get involved with the Citizens League's Transportation Action Group -- contact Annie Levenson-Falk at alevensonfalk[at]citizensleague.org or 651-293-0575 ext.16.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 11:52 AM | Comments (0)
June 3, 2010
Official Launch of CitiZing!
Today's blog comes from CitiZing project manager Erin Sapp.
We're "officially" launching CitiZing today to the public. While we've been up and running internally for many months and have undergone a "soft launch" with the Parks and Trails Legacy project, today marks the CitiZing's official public debut.
CitiZing combines social networking, Web 2.0 tools and the Citizen League's citizen-driven solution building process into a single online platform designed to facilitate collaboration and solution-building on public problems. We see CitiZing as a distinct contribution to building our civic infrastructure, and envision it as the go-to place online for collaboration and solution-building on public issues. You can read more about CitiZing in the May/June edition of the Minnesota Journal.
CitiZing is for everyone, bringing together experts, community leaders and citizens with all types of experience and expertise. We believe that when citizens are co-producers of the common good that policies will look different and outcomes will improve. CitiZing helps facilitate meaningful and constructive working relationships between collaborators at all levels.
We began the CitiZing journey during the Citizens League's Minnesota Anniversary Project, when we identified the distinct need for an online space to come together and work on common problems collectively. While we had hoped to find an existing platform or customize an existing tool, we couldn't find anything to fit the bill of creating communities through networking, using a range of Web 2.0 tools, and managing projects while being able to facilitate the Citizens League innovative problem-solving approach and process. So, we built CitiZing.
CitiZing is truly the first civic engagement platform of its kind. While many sites offer opportunities to sign petitions, contact elected officials or discuss issues, they don't offer opportunities to engage in meaningful or constructive ways. CitiZing does this through its focus on collaboration and driving towards actionable outcomes. We believe that this will be the "game changer" in how we envision civics and participate civically online.
Join us on our inaugural project, the Parks and Trails Legacy Project, which asks Minnesotans to help us build a vision for our state and regional parks and trails. This vision will inform recommendations for how to spend money from the 2008 Legacy Amendment, as well as traditional funds.
CitiZing is still in beta stages, so we'll keep making improvements and further developing features and functions. In the meantime, we're looking for other beta (pilot) project; contact us if you have an idea for one! This fall, CitiZing will begin hosting the successful Citizen League project, Students Speak Out, so stay tuned for more opportunities to get involved!
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 9:55 AM | Comments (0)
May 24, 2010
How hard is it to understand your lake?
As part of our work to advance the recommendations of last year's study on water governance, we're working on a mobile phone- and web-based application that would provide a mash-up of data and information relevant to people who use our lakes and rivers -- things like the quality of the water, invasive species, government organizations working on the water body, etc.
I'm taking a stab now at pulling together this information for a single lake -- Lake Nokomis in south Minneapolis -- as an example.
I knew it would be difficult. To get this information, I expected you'd have to go to maybe a dozen sources. Our water governance system has evolved piecemeal over the past 3 or 4 decades, so responsibilities (and hence data collection and dissemination) can be very scattered. But several government and nonprofit websites pull together pieces of this information, and, having spent the last 2 years studying water governance, I expected to be able to find and understand what I was looking for without TOO much trouble.
Wrong.
Three and a half hours in, now, I still don't really understand the water quality information. Lake Nokomis is "impaired" on a couple of factors, meaning doesn't meet the state standards of what is safe for "aquatic recreation," the designated use for this lake.
It doesn't mean you shouldn't recreate there; public beaches are still open. So what exactly does that mean that the lake has excessive nutrients, or that it's impaired for biological indicators? And why does the Department of Natural Resources list restrictions for eating some kinds of fish because of mercury contamination but no limitations because of PCBs (synthetic chemicals), if the Pollution Control Agency says that PCBs in fish tissue exceed standards for "aquatic consumption?"
Next up is a meeting with the staff at the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District to try to answer these questions and more.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 1:53 PM | Comments (0)
May 21, 2010
Legislative recap
The 2010 legislative session concluded Monday morning, after a string of all-night negotiating sessions over the weekend and a few hours of special session. Here is an update on what happened with the issues the Citizens League supported:
Judicial selection proposal fails to pass
Recent big-money, negative campaigns to elect judges have threatened the impartiality of courts in states as close as Wisconsin, and the way that we elect judges in Minnesota today leaves our system open to these same threats. The Citizens League, along with more than two dozen partners in the Coalition for Impartial Justice, supported a constitutional amendment to change the way that Minnesota judges are elected. (Read more on the proposed change.)
The proposal did not pass this session, as some special interests want to reserve the right to buy political promises from judges in advance of hearing the merits of a case. Judicial impartiality continues to be an important part of our policy agenda, and we will continue to work with the Coalition for Impartial Justice to determine the best way forward.
Alternative teacher certification proposal does not pass
The Citizens League supported a bill that would expand teacher licensing opportunities to qualified candidates through "alternative certification" as one tool to help close the educational achievement gap. As our 2009 study on educating immigrant students found, Minnesotans from immigrant communities and communities of color are underrepresented in school faculty and administrations, though they make up an increasing portion of our student body. Our state should increase the opportunities of these Minnesotans to become teachers, counselors and school administrators, especially through nontraditional avenues. The people in these positions not only serve as resources for families but also as role models for students. (Read more about our position.)
The alternative teacher certification proposal did not pass this session, but a strong coalition began to form around this issue. The coalition crossed traditional boundaries of party, sector and geography. It included the state Chamber of Commerce, large foundations, community leaders, and supporters from both sides of the political aisle and from around the state.
Final budget bill spares mental health
Legislation this year proposed serious cuts to mental health funding that supported a recent redesign of the care delivery and payment systems. Partly as a result of the Minnesota Mental Health Action Group, which the Citizens League convened from 2003-2007, the legislature approved a comprehensive reform in 2007 and then funded that redesign. The proposed cuts would have rolled back the 2007 improvements.
The final compromise cut very little funding from mental health, and constituent advocacy was crucial in this effort. Read more in the National Association on Mental Illness - Minnesota's legislative update.
If you have feedback or suggestions for the Citizens League on any of these issues, please let us know. Contact Annie Levenson-Falk at alevensonfalk[at]citizensleague.org.
Posted by Annie Levenson-Falk at 10:48 AM | Comments (0)
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